UNIQUE PAST, VIBRANT PRESENT, & EXCITING FUTURE

By Jeff J. Jacinto, PhD, DHum

​A minor seminary is a secondary boarding school specifically established to admit teenage boys who have expressed an interest in pursuing the priesthood. The 1983 Code of Canon Law beautifully expresses the objectives of a minor seminary, stating that it is designed "to protect from the contagion of the world, to train in piety, to imbue with the rudiments of literary studies, and to foster in them the seed of a divine vocation" (Canon 794 §1). Moreover, the Code acknowledges the importance of the minor seminary in the preliminary stages of priestly formation, mandating its establishment and preservation, stipulating that it should offer a comprehensive program of both human and spiritual education (Canon 238 §1). Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary is the Manila Archdiocesan junior and senior high school seminary where the author finished his classical secondary education. The author has been tapped by the seminarians to retell the school's story more times than he can count. It finally dawned on him that this might be because the history of his alma mater is a bit fragmented, like a puzzle with some pieces missing and others that don't quite fit together. This write-up aims to sketch out the history of the minor seminary using published sources and reliable recollections from fellow grateful alumni. It's not a complete history, but it should provide a good starting point for anyone looking to dive deeper into the story of our beloved alma mater.

​In the early 1950s, seminarians from Manila resided in the San Carlos Seminary building, located in San Pedro (now Guadalupe), Makati City, along Highway 54 (now Epifanio de los Santos Avenue). The right wing of the building housed the minor seminarians, while the left wing was designated for the major seminarians. A shared chapel was situated at the center of the building, and the refectory was found in the basement. 

​After the First Plenary Council of the Philippines concluded, with its priorities set on expanding the clergy and improving priestly formation, His Excellency, Most Rev. Rufino Jiao Santos, D.D., who would later become the first Filipino and Southeast Asian Cardinal, was appointed Archbishop of Manila on March 25, 1953. 

​Following the council's decrees, one of his initial steps as Archbishop was to separate the major seminary (philosophicum ac theologicum) from the minor seminary (seminarium minus). This adjustment allowed for a more targeted and specialized approach to priestly formation, enabling seminarians to develop their vocation and navigate the discernment process alongside peers at similar stages. It also improved the management of staffing and material resources available at the time.

Ven. Pope Pius XII, in the same year, issued the encyclical "Fulgens Corona" on September 8, 1953 to commemorate the centenary of the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Additionally, on October 11, 1954, the Holy Father established August 22nd as the Feast of the Queenship of Mary through the encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam. These developments significantly influenced the selection of Our Lady of Guadalupe as the titular patron for the newly-instituted minor seminary, and proudly adopting blue and white as its official colors. The Archbishop of Manila decided to inaugurate the new seminary on August 22, 1955, to coincide with the very first celebration of the newly-instituted Marian feast.

​Development of the 4-hectare elevated terrain along Highway 54, overlooking the historic Pasig River, was undertaken by the Ayala Company, agreeing to remove all displaced soil and rocks instead of receiving monetary compensation. The development of the newly acquired lot enclosed the ruins of a 17th-century Baroque church, monastery, and old cemetery of the Order of St. Augustine, which had been heavily damaged during the Philippine-American War and World War II. The rest of the land was a rocky outcropping of adobe. With 23 months remaining until the target date, planning and construction for the seminary complex atop the hill in Old Guadalupe began almost immediately. 

​The Archdiocese of Manila organized a team of eminent experts to meticulously plan and supervise the construction of a three-building complex. Fr. Frederick Linzenbach, SVD, served as the chief architect. He completed his architectural studies in Washington, D.C., and his engineering education in Düsseldorf. Fr. Linzenbach was responsible for designing and overseeing numerous significant Church construction projects during that era, including the St. Peter's Dormitory School for Boys in Nkwatia Kwahu, Ghana (1957); Diocesan Shrine of Jesus the Divine Word in Quezon City, Philippines (1960); and Tapinglin Holy Trinity Church in New Taipei, Taiwan (1962). Assisting him was Carlos Eduardo da Silva, who was the president of the Philippine Institute of Architects and a renowned art critic. Da Silva was instrumental in restoring the Jai-Alai building on Taft Avenue, Manila, in 1947 and led the commission that restored Juan Luna's world-renowned Spoliarium in 1962. Mariano Sideco, the construction engineer, had built landmark projects such as the Pope Pius XII Catholic Center on United Nations Avenue, Manila (1964), among others. Adopting the American school of design, the complex embodies modernist principles, characterized by clean lines, unornamented surfaces, and open floor plans. Industrial materials like concrete, steel, and glass, influenced by Art Deco, were extensively used. Fr. Linzenbach and Arch. da Silva focused on the functionality of each building, posing the question, "What purpose will each structure serve, or what activities will take place within them?" The design reflects the different facets of seminary formation. The complex comprises a four-story student building measuring 78 meters in length, a chapel with an attached sacristy and an auditorium below, and a faculty building with a refectory and kitchen on the lower level. A large veranda connects the three structures on the second level. 

​The giant bas-relief statues of youth role models Sts. Tarcisius, Liem de la Paz, and Dominic Savio, along with the expressive depiction of Our Lady of the Roses, Virgin of Guadalupe, were designed by Italian sculptor and expatriate Francesco Monti. Additionally, a life-sized concrete statue of Our Lady, Queen of the Universe, serves as the crown jewel of the chapel's exterior. Her gesture of open arms invites people to approach Mary with their hopes and prayers. The Blessed Virgin, as the royal mother, welcomes onlookers to the shelter of her loving protection, inviting them to worship her divine Son. Monti also created similar giant concrete statues of the titular figures of Santo Domingo Church and the Diocesan Shrine of Jesus the Divine Word, both in Quezon City. Lastly, the sports facilities for basketball, volleyball, tennis, and soccer were constructed by Engineer Sideco in addition to the three major buildings. By May 22, 1955, 92 days before the target inauguration date, the structures were completed with only minor interior design and construction corrections needed.

As envisioned by the Manila Archbishop, Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary was officially blessed and inaugurated on August 22, 1955 by His Grace Rev. Msgr. Alfredo Poledrini, Charge d` Affairs of the Apostolic Nunciature (later titular Archbishop of Vazari and Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Zambia, Malawi, and Lesotho). October 5 and 6 saw the actual cutting of the umbilical cord of the minor seminary from it's parent institution San Carlos Seminary. The minor seminarians, formators, staff moved as much of their furniture and equipment out into Highway 54 to its gleaming new building one block away. 

Based on the foregoing, one can surmise that August 22 isn't actually the foundation day of the minor seminary, but rather its inauguration anniversary. Some people mix up "foundation" (pagtatatag) and "inauguration," (pasinaya) but they're not the same thing. The foundation is when they first got things rolling back in late 1953, while the inauguration is the Blessing and fancy ribbon-cutting that officially opened the place on August 22, 1955. That's the day we celebrate every year—not the day they first thought, "Hey, let's build a seminary!"

​The initial formation team from the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Missionhurst fathers) included Fr. Oscar Deltour, CICM-Rector; Fr. Camilo Marivoet, CICM-Dean of Seminarians; Fr. Cornelio Schutter, CICM-Spiritual Director; Fr. Camilo Feys, CICM-Procurator; Fr. Andres Vanbeylen, CICM; Fr. Sylver Deltour, CICM; Fr. Georges Piron, CICM; and Fr. Francis Te Marvelde, CICM - Professors. The Missionhurst fathers in the Philippines started and complemented their work of evangelization through education. Their presence was essentially a transformative one. Changing the society's values according to the Gospel principles was the CICM way, which was accomplished more systematically through education. The Missionhurst fathers served Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary as formators for two fruitful decades.

​At 80 years old, Orlando R. Quijano from the Diamond Jubilarian class of 1959 finds strength and inspiration by visiting Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary whenever he gets the chance. He encourages seminarians to return to Inang Lupe whenever life becomes challenging, even long after they’ve graduated. When asked to reflect on his seminary days and what he’s grateful for from his high school years, he was more than happy to share his thoughts:

"Ah, I remember it like it was yesterday. I entered the minor seminary back in 1955, and it all started with the Holy Spirit Mass on June 25th, marking the beginning of the school year. We spent just three short months in the old San Carlos Seminary building before we were dressed in our finest gala uniforms to witness the blessing and inauguration of the brand-new seminary complex. We were the first batch, the pioneer freshmen. Some of my contemporaries went on to become bishops—names like Deo Iñiguez, Gabby Reyes, Tony Tobias, Monching Arguelles, and Francis de Leon. Back then, our formators were the CICM fathers, and our first rector was the saintly Fr. Oscar Deltour. He was succeeded three years later by Fr. Camilo Marivoet, a strict disciplinarian. The Belgian fathers had a deep belief that true fulfillment in life comes from faith in God's plan, revealed through Jesus of Nazareth. They also believed that education was one of the best ways to spread that faith, shaping us to be like the boy Jesus himself. The education and values I received from Inang Lupe were the bedrock of my success in college and later in my career. But even more important, they prepared me to be a good husband and father—roles I've cherished throughout my life. I may not have become a priest, but I owe so much to Inang Lupe, my dear Alma Mater. I'm forever thankful for the love of learning, discipline, and faith in God that were instilled in me. These are the principles that have guided me all these years, and I’m grateful every single day."

There's an old African saying, "It takes a village to raise a child," and the same goes for raising a priest. It's a collective effort where everyone plays a part in supporting and nurturing a priest's formation, so he can then help uplift the whole community. On November 4, 1963, St. Pope Paul VI released the Apostolic exhortation "Summi Dei Verbum" to mark the 400th anniversary of seminaries established by the Council of Trent. In this document, he urged parish priests, bishops, religious, lay teachers, and all Catholics to actively support and contribute to the education of seminarians. This highlights the shared responsibility of the entire Church in preparing and backing priests who will serve the community. 

​The following year, a new four-story building was finished to accommodate the growing number of seminarians. This building features three large dormitories, a study hall, quarters for priests, and shared restrooms. It's connected to the existing seminary buildings by a multi-level bridge. That same year, an Olympic-sized swimming pool was built to encourage athletic activities among the seminarians and to promote the idea of a healthy mind in a healthy body. Under the leadership of Fr. Camilo Marivoet, CICM, and with Fr. Hubert Dupont, CICM, as the Dean of Seminarians, The Guazette was established as the minor seminary's annual publication. The name combines "Guadalupe" and "Gazette." This publication not only recorded life at the seminary but also helped raise funds to buy necessary items like closets, beds, and study tables for the new building. Created with the effort of priests, seminarians, staff, faculty, parents, and supporters, the yearbook has continued to serve its purpose to this day.

​Ecclesia semper reformanda est. The Church is known for its ongoing reforms. During Fr. Andres Vanbeylen's time as rector, the seminary actively implemented the changes from the Second Vatican Council. On August 15, 1967, St. Pope Paul VI issued the Apostolic constitution "Regimini Ecclesiae Universae," which set out guidelines for seminaries to align with Vatican II teachings. As a result, priests began celebrating Mass facing the congregation, seminarians prayed and sang the liturgy in their native language, and the seminary's liturgical spaces were updated to reflect the new reforms. The concept of inculturation, which involves integrating the Gospel into local cultures and bringing those cultures into the Church's life, was also emphasized. During this renewal period, many Filipino priests received rigorous training from the Missionhurst Fathers (CICM). By 1970, there was a growing number of Filipino priests ready to take on roles previously held by foreign missionaries. That year, the seminary administration was handed over to the Diocesan Clergy, with His Grace Rev. Msgr. Justino C. Ortiz, H.P., a respected scholar, advocate for seafarers, and promoter of effective parenting, becoming the first Filipino rector, supported by other Filipino diocesan priests. 

Johnny V. Ocoma from the Golden Jubilarian class graduated in 1974, during the early years of Martial Law, a time marked by repression, censorship, and fear. For him, the minor seminary was a haven where he could exchange ideas, build connections, and find God’s calling for him. He learned important values like bayanihan and malasakit, and entrusting oneself to Mary in imitation of Christ. Here's a brief look back at those memorable days:
​
"We had a big group with two sections, and among us were Deacon Raffy Mendoza, Msgr. Nestor Gungon, Msgr. Allen Aganon, and our new OLGMS Rector, Fr. Jimmy Marquez. On July 17, 1972, just a day after the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Typhoon Gloring hit Manila hard, leaving 90% of the area underwater. Schools and businesses were closed for two days straight. The heavy rain and flooding lasted for 24 days, causing 242 deaths and $445 million in damages. During this crisis, many windows were shattered and rain poured into the new building. The upperclassmen stepped up to help evacuate the younger students from the new dorms to the old building, ensuring everyone was safe and well-fed. I saw firsthand how compassion and bravery shone through among the seminarians during the evacuation. These were also times of radicalism, and there was a brief strike at OLGMS. Later, His Excellency Rufino J. Cardinal Santos invited OLGMS seminarians to join him in his daily rosary broadcast on Radio Veritas to promote the devotion nationwide and Asiawide. Learning that devotion to Mama Mary makes a good priest (or a good padre de familia, as the case may be), I joined OLGMS' Sedes Sapientiae Legion of Mary and edited its mimeographed Magnificat newsletter. Fr. Patricio Lim, son of World War II hero Gen. Vicente Lim, consistently taught us to love God above all and to love others as ourselves. According to him, loving God strengthens your relationship with Him, and loving your neighbor shows the results of that relationship. Both are crucial for growing in holiness and preparing for eternal life with God. This, he believed, is the key to being with God in the next life. Thank you Inang Lupe for preparing me to excel in my professional career, build a strong and loving family, and grow spiritually, as your teachings continue to guide and inspire me."

​The Church is fundamentally missionary, with evangelization being a core responsibility of the People of God. On February 3, 1976, St. Pope Paul VI, in his message for the 13th World Day of Prayer for Vocations, emphasized that every vocation is a divine gift requiring the Church's support. Just as Jesus traveled from city to city to ensure His message reached all people, seminarians are similarly called to spread Christ's presence across various communities. They do this by visiting different cities and towns, furthering the Church's mission to disseminate the Gospel. Inspired by the example of itinerant evangelizers, His Grace Rev. Msgr. Antonio R. Tobias (who would later become Titular Bishop of Tipasa in Numidia and Bishop of Pagadian, San Fernando de la Union, and Novaliches, organized a sports congress for minor seminarians from across the Philippines. Initially held on February 4, 1978, the event, named "SANGKAN" (an acronym for "Isang Angkan kay Kristo," meaning "One Family in Christ"), facilitated the seminarians' travels between cities, where they shared meals, worship, accommodations, and engaged in friendly competitions. Msgr. Tobias served as the convenor and founding president of this annual gathering. Over time, the number of participating seminarians grew from 16 to 22, representing various seminaries including: Diocesan Seminary of the Heart of Jesus (San Fernando de la Union), Holy Rosary Minor Seminary (Naga), Immaculate Conception Seminary (Bulacan), Immaculate Conception Seminary (Vigan), Maria Assumpta Seminary (Cabanatuan), Mary Help of Christians Seminary (Dagupan), Mother of Good Counsel Seminary (San Fernando), Oblates of Saint Joseph Minor Seminary (Lipa), Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary (Manila), Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Seminary (Sariaya), Our Lady of Peñafrancia Seminary (Sorsogon), Pope John XXIII Seminary (Cebu), Sacred Heart Seminary (Bacolod), Seminario De Jesus Nazareno (Borongan), Seminario De San Jose (Puerto Princesa), St. Anthony High School Seminary (Masbate), St. Benedict Diocesan Seminary (Camarines Sur), St. Francis de Sales Minor Seminary (Lipa), St. Gregory the Great Minor Seminary (Albay), St. John Paul II Minor Seminary (Antipolo), St. Joseph Seminary (Bangued), and St. Mary's Seminary (Laoag). Today, this annual convention of minor seminarians, with the motto "Angkan para sa tao at sa buong mundo, angkang hinirang ni Kristo!" (Clan for the people and the whole world, a clan chosen by Christ), remains a highly anticipated event.

​Vincent Cortez, a member of the Ruby jubilarian class of 1984, is in charge of organizing the 2024 Pasinaya (August 22) and Panumbalik (December 7) events. With a lot of experience in corporate and brokerage management, he credits his leadership skills to his high school days at the minor seminary:

"Bishop Tobias was my rector during my time at OLGMS, where the seminary taught us the basics of servant leadership by assigning responsibilities from freshman year. It became clear that true leadership starts with learning to follow. As we progressed through the years, our tasks and responsibilities grew, covering planning, execution, evaluation, and management. My classmates and I eagerly anticipated the school-wide excursions and immersion programs each summer, which challenged me to step out of my comfort zone and grow. Like Mary, the Patroness of Life and Model of Service, we should aim to protect and cherish all forms of life while dedicating ourselves to serving humanity as a united fraternity. All the hard work and passion we put in everything that we do as sons of Guadalupe is like our offering of sweet serenade (himig) and tender love (aruga) for Inang Lupe, where we experienced arguably the best years of our lives."

​St. Irenaeus of Lyon once said, "The glory of God is a human being fully alive!" On March 25, 1992, St. Pope John Paul II released the Apostolic exhortation "Pastores dabo vobis," which emphasizes a well-rounded approach to priestly formation, covering human, spiritual, intellectual, and pastoral aspects. Recognizing the need for balanced development, the seminary revamped its program to include activities beyond its strong spiritual and academic training. This included scouting, citizen army training, music programs, band instrument practice, choir singing, theater acting, and athletics. To support this, His Eminence Jaime Cardinal Sin, D.D. donated the Fr. Oscar Deltour, CICM Gymnasium during the rectorship of Rev. Msgr. Jovito V. Mejino, P.C., in celebration of the seminary's Ruby Jubilee, to promote athleticism among seminarians. The gym was completed and officially opened on August 22, 1996, by His Excellency Gian Vincenzo Moreni, D.D., Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines. 

​Priest formators guide seminarians in becoming gentlemen, scholars, and saints. In his Letter to Priests on March 14, 1999, St. Pope John Paul II praised priests as dedicated builders of a civilization of love for their humble and faithful work. Priests act as humble and supportive mentors, equipping seminarians with the tools they need to discern their path and become effective priests in the future. Under the leadership of His Grace Rev. Msgr. Peter Eymard Mercelino Dennis S. Odiver, P.C., the seminary's original three-building complex was modernized, including updates to the library, classrooms, laboratories, social hall, and offices. This renovation rejuvenated the space and inspired renewed enthusiasm among the seminarians for their academic pursuits. 

Renato S. Glodo is known for having one of the sharpest memories among his classmates in the Silver Jubilarian class of 1999. He mentioned that his time in the minor seminary helped him break out of his shell, make friends, build lasting relationships with his peers, and develop strong followership skills. He's thankful to the minor seminary for equipping him for the real world. When asked about his experience, he eagerly recounted stories of their class and how it continues to influence his life today:

"In our freshman year, we had 19 in our group: Ryan, Allan, Paul V., Richard, JB, Carry, Allan Mel, Vergel, James, Samuel, Jeff, JC, Nicolai, Ronald, Melvin, Sheridan, AC, Sheldon, and me. By sophomore year, Roman and Bien joined us. Carry, Allan Mel, Vergel, Richard, and Bien moved on for various reasons. In the end, 16 of us completed our senior year, and Sheldon became a Carmelite priest-friar. I managed to overcome my shyness; I started out very introverted, mainly playing chess, but eventually got into basketball, volleyball, soccer, and swimming. I even represented the seminary in various sports events. Hosting SANGKAN, the inter-seminary sports meet, allowed me to connect with seminarians from other schools, and events like World Mission Sunday gave me chances to meet new people, including those of the opposite sex. I ended up making more friends than I did in grade school. Living with my classmates 24/7 turned them from strangers into some of my closest friends, who truly understand me to this day. I also learned a lot about followership, which complements leadership. I learned to follow rules, take instructions, contribute to the team's success, and stay motivated. Eventually, I got a teaching job, which I cherished greatly, and then I became a family man. I'm grateful to Inang Lupe for the confidence and interpersonal skills I gained, and I couldn't have asked for a better high school experience."

​In 2005, the Very Rev. Fr. Emerico Sixto Juan B. Garcia took on the role of rector at the minor seminary, a position he would hold for nearly twenty years. During his tenure, there were notable reforms in the educational system, increased involvement of alumni in supporting the seminary, and a renewal of worship and devotion. The introduction of the senior high school program, in accordance with Republic Act No. 10533, was a key development in the educational framework. A significant development was the flourishing of the OLGMS alumni community, where regular gatherings became a cherished tradition, involving both ordained and lay alumni. Key celebrations for the Alma Mater included August 22, the Feast of the Queenship of Mary, and the ceremonial inauguration (Pasinaya) of the seminary. Additionally, December 12 (or the closest Saturday), the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, and the annual homecoming (Panumbalik) emerged as major highlights for the alumni fraternity. Having served as Master of Ceremonies for four archbishops of Manila, Fr. Rico recognized the Holy Eucharist as central to Christian life. As a result, the seminary chapel underwent its first major renovation in several years. Staying true to its Missionhurst heritage, the seminary also emphasized devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary among priests and seminarians. These changes aligned with Benedict XVI's October 18, 2010 Letter to Seminarians, which encouraged seminarians to fully embrace their vocation and commit deeply to serving the Church and the Gospel.

​Like Mary, God is calling us to practice trusting Him daily with our lives and His purposes for us. On the 69th year of Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary, Very Rev. Fr. Jaime Marquez was appointed new rector with the gargantuant task to lead the 115 seminarians, priest formators, teachers, staff, and alumni to keep Mary's "yes" afresh. Our Alma Mater has laid a strong foundation for a life dedicated to ministry in the Church. It has not only produced seven bishops and over 400 priests, but has also nurtured outstanding religious vocations in various fields. As the seminary moves into its next chapter, there is a prevailing sense of gratitude and commitment, motivating everyone to continue working towards a renewed, vibrant, and growing Church and society. Many of its graduates have gone on to contribute in private sectors such as NGOs, banking, media, and insurance, while others have become engineers, accountants, nurses, doctors, lawyers, military personnel, educators, architects, film directors, and musicians. The prayer life, personal discipline, and study habits the alumni developed at OLGMS have greatly influenced their adult lives. As proud alumni of Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary, they remain committed to serving the Church and making a positive impact through their chosen careers. 

​John Abiel Napare, a current 12th grader for Academic Year 2024-25, is actively collaborating with alumni for the Pasinaya (August 22) and Panumbalik (December 7) events in 2024. Through his interactions with the jubilarians and the Board of Directors, he has observed that their deep love for the institution and enduring connections are common threads. He feels that these qualities are valuable and should serve as a model for the younger generation:

"I've noticed that alumni have all sorts of viewpoints, communication styles, and ways of doing things. But one thing is crystal clear: their deep love for the institution. These older brothers, who graduated in the 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s, bring a treasure trove of wisdom from their seminary days and professional lives. Even though they don’t always see eye to eye, they always treat each other with humility and respect. They put OLGMS's welfare first in their plans and decisions, and their example pushes us to keep progressing in our own formation. It's impressive how their bonds remain strong despite graduating in different decades. There's no hierarchy—just one big brotherhood. I'm grateful to have seminary brothers who stick with me through tough times and challenges. It’s comforting to think that the brotherhood we're building now will be as enduring as theirs. To my alumni brothers, thanks for your commitment to promoting vocations, your devotion to the Blessed Mother, and your efforts to honor our departed alumni. You're an inspiration to us current seminarians and future alumni. Keep up the great work, and may God and Our Lady of Guadalupe continue to bless and guide you in all you do. Alma Mater nostra floreat, fraternitasque nostra praevaleat. Here is to our Alma Mater flourishing and our brotherhood prevailing!"

DEDICATION:

On Ascension Sunday (May 9, 2024), God promoted you to Eternal Life. We'll cherish the memories you captured in photos at our gatherings and the stories shared over pizza and coffee. You were there for me during my vision loss, offering encouragement and prayers early on. You loved Our Lady so dearly. Remember how you talked about gifting your family the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe last December? Thank you for introducing me to the contemplative kuyas who pray the Our Lady of Guadalupe chaplet daily. You and their spiritual devotion has been a source of blessings and fortitude for me. Death isn't the end, it's just a change. We'll meet again on the beautiful day of Resurrection. Salamat po Kuya Tony Endaya. Basta laking Guadalupe, maipagmamalaki.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

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